The general rule is that if you withdraw traditional IRA funds before age 59 1/2 then you will pay a 10% penalty on the early withdrawal (plus regular US and state income taxes). For every rule there are exceptions, and if you meet one of these exceptions you can avoid the 10% penalty (but not the income taxes).

Exceptions:
1. Permanent Disability
2. Death of the IRA Owner
3. For Medical expenses that are greater than 7.5% of your adjusted gross income.
4. To help pay for a first-time home purchase ($10,000 max)
5. To pay higher education (college) costs for you, a spouse, a child, or a grandchild.
6. To pay back taxes to the IRS after a levy has been placed against the IRA
7. To pay medical ins. premiums after losing your job (and being on unemployment for 12 weeks)
8. As part of substantially equal periodic payments based on your life expectancy.
9. Ordered by a domestic relations court (divorce settlement).

Keep in mind that you can always take the original contributions from a Roth IRA out without penalties or taxation (see here why I love the Roth so much).

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